首先,汉娜作为一个待过集中营的犹太人,能够抛开自己的身份和经历去“理解”阿道夫·艾希曼,实在不是常人能做到的(当然,她自己也说了理解不等同于宽恕)。
我们在对待任何人事物的时候,都基于自己的立场,要抛弃自我的偏见是非常困难的事。
从这一点,就可以说她是伟大的。
第二,汉娜对”阿道夫·艾希曼“的评判。
她认为,他会犯下这样的行为,是因为失去了作为人的基本能力——思考。
他只是像做一件普通工作那样”高效、准确“的完成。
当党卫军在首长的指导下,完成第三帝国的伟大理想时。
他们都躲在这个庞大体系背后,机械地活着。
这个”伟大的目标,民族的崛起“就是保护个人丑陋和邪恶的最好屏障。
当众人犯罪时,个人就不会觉得那是犯罪。
当有一个高尚的理由撑腰时,屠杀和犯罪都成了”战斗“。
纳粹不是一个人,把犹太人送进毒气室的也不会是一个人。
我们是整个体系中微不足道的一点,但是就是这每一点的不作为、不反思而造就了整个纳粹。
每个人都有罪,当然你也可以说每个人都没有罪,因为他们只是执行而已,并不是出于自己的意愿。
所以,纳粹是邪恶的,是反人类的。
而参与其中的每一个人,都要为第三,如果说希特勒利用民族主义和复仇情绪煽动了整个民众,那么战后犹太人的仇恨心理何尝不是民族情绪的膨胀。
你是犹太人,就不应该为纳粹说话;你是犹太人,就应该仇恨纳粹;你是犹太人就应该爱以色列。
如果,你对以上问题提出疑义,那无疑你就是叛徒。
其实这些看似很有道理的话,其实根本就没有必然的关系。
生活是有惯性的,思维也有是一个固定模式。
社会根据我们的出身给了我们身份,然后我们就要做符合这个身份的事情。
对人、对事分类,有利于我们遵循固有的应对方法来应对人事。
只有大家都按照统一的规则去生活的时候,这个社会才是平衡的(不是和平),整个国家机器才能正常的运作下去。
任何试图打破的人,都将遭到攻击和打压。
所以,汉斯是从情感上和思维惯性上都是不能接受汉娜的思想。
舆论也是很难接受这种观点的,这和他们对纳粹的固有定义相差太远了。
不符合他们的民族情感。
所以,说到邪恶。
你可以认为,人人都有邪恶的一面,只是看有没有一个面具可以躲在后面,合理、高尚地施恶。
同时,我们都有善良的一面,这个世界上没有纯粹的好人和坏人。
善恶是相对的,好坏也是相对的,你站在不同的立场,依据不同的标准,评判同一件事时,是会有不同的结论。
美国政治学者汉娜•阿伦特是20世纪最重要的思想家之一。
一部关于哲学家的电影怎么拍呢?
要知道哲学家大部分时候就是坐着思考,本片导演玛格雷特·冯·特洛塔,也是德国新电影运动的资深导演,还真的把它拍成了一部关于思考的传记电影。
1924年,18岁的汉娜•阿伦特成为35岁的年轻编外讲师海德格尔的学生和情人,这段地下情维持了四年,直到1928年海德格尔决定让阿伦特离去。
一般学者大师的婚外恋情、政治经历,传记电影中都是一笔带过,点到为止。
可她的初恋海德格尔偏是后来比她还名满天下有哲学王之称的存在主义大家,参与的那一下政治,又偏偏搅进后来万劫不复的纳粹暴政。
注定她与海德格尔这段纠葛无法忽略。
个人感情的痛苦成为她扩大自己存在疆界的一个源泉,在1930年之前,阿伦特的思想活动局限于哲学领域,甚至还瞧不上政治,然而她目睹了这个她深爱的才华横溢的教授卷入国家社会主义兴起的狂潮中附逆纳粹,并且天真地为这场运动提供一种存在主义的哲学解释。
再往后,阿伦特看到他回避世界,重新退缩到沉思的孤独中,对他认为混乱而败坏的公共领域投以蔑视。
一个哲学家沉浸于个体性的自足,而缺乏返回公共领域的能力,阿伦特痛心海德格尔的选择,开始强调知识分子的行动性。
影片在这样的背景下以1961年对纳粹军官艾希曼审判为切入点,以阿伦特报道此事件写出的《耶路撒冷的艾希曼——一份关于恶的平庸性的报告》发表引起巨大争论结束。
1960年《纽约时报》上的一篇报道引起了汉娜•阿伦特和朋友们的注意:以色列间谍在阿根廷发现了纳粹时期杀害犹太人的纳粹军官艾希曼的踪迹,并于5月将其劫持到以色列,并坚持在本国审判艾希曼。
臭名昭著的艾希曼官阶并不高,只是党卫队中校,但是他曾经担任过德国第三帝国保安总部第四局B-4科的科长,是犹太种族大清洗的前线指挥官,负责一车皮一车皮地组织运送整个欧洲的犹太人,在他的监督下,奥斯维辛集中营的屠杀生产线到二战结束,共有五百八十万犹太人因“最后方案”而丧生。
于是阿伦特向《纽约客》总编提出,她愿意作为记者,去耶路撒冷报道审判的有关情况。
此时的她已完成《极权主义起源》《人的条件》等大作,在学界德高望重,有这样的名人担任特派记者,总编自然乐不可支欣然接受。
她在变更1961年日程推迟接受洛克菲勒基金会资助的信上写道,“您一定理解我,为什么去耶路撒冷,因为我曾错过了报道纽伦堡的审判,这次,我不能再次失去目睹对战争罪犯审判的机会了。
”她原是德籍犹太人,纳粹兴起逃离德国,流亡巴黎,在法国集中营所幸戏剧性地出逃前往美国,后入美籍。
作为犹太人所遭受的苦难也指引着阿伦特的思考,这些外部事件为什么会发生?
她把此行视为一次历史使命。
《耶路撒冷的艾希曼——一份关于恶的平庸性的报告》由《纽约客》5次连载。
这份报告包括三部分:第一部分是对罪犯艾希曼本人的分析。
她根据艾希曼在法庭上表现及对有关卷宗的阅读,发现艾希曼并不像想象中是一个本性邪恶的魔鬼,平时热爱家庭、热爱音乐、热爱自然,人格也不扭曲病态,精神病学家鉴定“他的精神状态比做完他的精神鉴定之后的我还要正常。
”“不仅是个正常人而且还非常讨人喜欢。
” 就像恐怖分子寻常得可能轻易成为我们的邻居或飞机上的邻座。
由此,阿伦特提出了“平庸之恶”这一个观点,艾希曼之所以犯下如此罪行,完全是由于“思考的缺乏”以及由此而来的不做判断。
这类通过执行国家命令,透过行政程序,从事集体屠杀政策的人,被称为“案牍谋杀者”,他们严谨干练的良好素质加上无思的顺从效忠,正是暴政与专政的天然基础。
第二部分是对犹太组织的评价。
她甚至批评当时犹太组织领导人,指责他们未能领导犹太人对当初的迫害进行有效的抵抗,反而一定程度上与纳粹形成了同谋。
最后一部分是关于艾希曼审判的政治目的。
文章一刊出,在美国乃至欧洲引起强烈反响。
就阿伦特本身运思历程看,艾希曼审判事件的报道是非常重要的思想转折点,这个事件的争议带动阿伦特从思考实践活动意义走进探索思考与判断的哲学课题。
导演玛格雷特·冯·特洛塔凭借此片获得了2013年德国电影奖最佳导演提名,她说“我只是拍我喜欢或者感兴趣的人。
但如果说这部电影有什么理念的话,那就是你应保持自我反思和独立判断能力,不要追随某种观念或者时尚。
汉娜说这是‘不用扶手的思考'。
”
综合戴锦华老师的分享与我自己的观影体验,在我看来这部电影通过讲述汉娜阿伦特对纳粹暴行的思考结晶“平庸之恶”这一产物的诞生过程与其产生的影响而让观众认识到了思考这一人类特有意识的重要性。
我们经常提到三观不合,诚然,无论是先哲伟人,亦或是慵慵蚁民,都会基于自己的生活体验对事物思考出不同的认知。
放到影片中来看,有些人如艾希曼,完全放弃了自己的思考,甘愿做一个任人摆布的傀儡,眼前消逝的生命在他的头脑中不能形成任何一点为何如此的诘问,也借由放弃思考来放弃自我道德的抵抗,把一切罪孽推给他的上级,那个该死的希特勒。
还有一些人如那个出现在闪回画面中的伟大的却也是被诟病的哲学家海德格尔,他在二战中用自己的思考成果为希特勒背书,拥有并坚持自己的思想本身没有错,可当这一思考行为本身就是错误的、反人类的,那只会使自己堕入更黑暗的深处。
当然,影片充满希望的把第三种人推到了我们面前,一个拥有并坚持自己的思想成果的汉娜阿伦特,她不像她所鄙夷的艾希曼一样只会接受不会思考,也不像她的老师海德格尔一样,坚守自己的思想阵营到罔顾现实刚愎自用的程度,她坚守但也质疑,从影片最后我们知道她终身都在不断思考、不断反刍自己的思想结晶。
这也是导演透过汉娜的故事想要留给观众们的礼物,影片没有停留在简单的对“平庸之恶”这一思想理论的赞扬或鞭笞中,而是引导观众自己去思考,并把它带入到自己的生命体验中,当我们面临如汉娜一般的处境中,我们能否在不放弃思考的同时也不断去质疑自己的思考究竟是对是错,从而即保持警醒又不自恋。
——“咨诹善道,察纳雅言。
”
Arendt & Eichmann: The New TruthMark LillaHannah Arendta film by Margarethe von TrottaHannah Arendt: Ihr Denken veränderte die Welt [Hannah Arendt: Her Thought Changed the World]edited by Martin Wiebel, with a foreword by Franziska AugsteinMunich: Piper, 252 pp., €9.99 (paper)1.In The Drowned and the Saved, Primo Levi’s final book on his experiences at Auschwitz, he makes a wise remark about the difficulty of rendering judgment on history. The historian is pulled in two directions. He is obliged to gather and take into account all relevant material and perspectives; but he is also obliged to render the mass of material into a coherent object of thought and judgment:Without a profound simplification the world around us would be an infinite, undefined tangle that would defy our ability to orient ourselves and decide upon our actions…. We are compelled to reduce the knowable to a schema. lilla_1-112113-250.jpg Hannah Arendt Bluecher Literary TrustHannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, Sicily, 1971Satisfying both imperatives is difficult under any circumstances, and with certain events may seem impossible. The Holocaust is one of those. Every advance in research that adds a new complication to our understanding of what happened on the Nazi side, or on the victims’, can potentially threaten our moral clarity about why it happened, obscuring the reality and fundamental inexplicability of anti-Semitic eliminationism. This is why Holocaust studies seems to swing back and forth with steady regularity, now trying to render justice to particulars (German soldiers as “ordinary men”), now trying to restore moral coherence (Hitler’s “willing executioners”).Among Primo Levi’s virtues as a writer on the Holocaust was his skill at finding the point of historical and moral equipoise, most remarkably in his famous chapter “The Gray Zone” in The Drowned and the Saved. It is not easy reading. Besides recounting the horrifying dilemmas and unspeakable cruelties imposed by the Nazis on their victims, he also gives an unvarnished account of the cruelties that privileged prisoners visited on weaker ones, and the compromises, large and small, some made to maintain those privileges and their lives. He describes how the struggle for prestige and recognition, inevitable in any human grouping, manifested itself even in the camps, producing “obscene or pathetic figures…whom it is indispensable to know if we want to know the human species.”Levi tells the story of Chaim Rumkowski, the vain, dictatorial Jewish elder of the Łódź ghetto who printed stamps with his portrait on them, commissioned hymns celebrating his greatness, and surveyed his domain from a horse-drawn carriage. Stories like these that others have told and others still have wished to bury are unwelcome complications. But Levi tells them without ever letting the reader lose sight of the clear, simple moral reality in which they took place. Yes, “we are all mirrored in Rumkowski, his ambiguity is ours, it is our second nature, we hybrids molded from clay and spirit.” But “I do not know, and it does not much interest me to know, whether in my depths there lurks a murderer, but I do know that I was a guiltless victim and I was not a murderer.”Two recent films by major European directors show just how difficult this point of equipoise is to find and maintain when dealing with the Final Solution. Margarethe von Trotta’s Hannah Arendt is a well-acted biopic on the controversy surrounding Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem and its place in her intellectual and personal life. Claude Lanzmann’s The Last of the Unjust is a documentary about Benjamin Murmelstein, the last Jewish elder of the Theresienstadt concentration camp, who was considered a traitor and Nazi collaborator by many of the camp’s inmates, and was the only elder in the entire system to have survived the war. The directors have very different styles and ambitions, which they have realized with very different degrees of success. But neither has managed to replicate Levi’s achievement.2.Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem was published fifty years ago, first as a series of articles in The New Yorker and then, a few months later, as a book. It’s hard to think of another work capable of setting off ferocious polemics a half-century after its publication. Research into the Nazi regime, its place in the history of anti-Semitism, the gestation of the Final Solution, and the functioning of the extermination machine has advanced well beyond Arendt, providing better answers to the questions she was among the first to address.In any normal field of historical research one would expect an early seminal work to receive recognition and a fair assessment, even if it now seems misguided. Yet that is only now starting to happen within the history profession, in works like Deborah Lipstadt’s judicious, accessible survey The Eichmann Trial (2011). As the strong reactions to von Trotta’s film indicate, though, the Arendt–Eichmann psychodrama continues in the wider world. Now as then critics focus on two arguments Arendt made, and on the fact that she made them in the same book.The first, and better known, was that although Adolf Eichmann was taken by many at the time to be the mastermind of the Final Solution, the trial revealed a weak, clueless, cliché-spewing bureaucrat who, according to Arendt, “never realized what he was doing,” an everyman caught up in an evolving bureaucratic program that began with forced emigration and only later ended with extermination as its goal. That one “cannot extract any diabolical or demonic profundity from Eichmann” did not, in her eyes, reduce his culpability. From the start Arendt defended his capture, trial, and execution, which were not universally applauded then, even by some prominent Jews and Jewish organizations.1 This her critics forget, or choose to forget. What they remember is that she portrayed Eichmann as a risible clown, not radically evil, and shifted attention from anti-Semitism to the faceless system in which he worked.Had Arendt written a book on what she called “the strange interdependence of thoughtlessness and evil” in modern bureaucratic society, it would have been read as a supplement, and partial revision, of what she said about “radical evil” in The Origins of Totalitarianism. No one would have been offended. But in Eichmann she made the unwise choice of hanging her thesis on the logistical “genius” of the Holocaust, whose character she tried to infer from court documents and a few glimpses of him in the bullet-proof glass docket in Jerusalem.To make matters worse, in the same book Arendt raised the sensitive issue of the part that Jewish leaders played in the humiliation and eventual extermination of their own people. These included the heads of the urban Jewish community organizations that facilitated forced emigration, expropriations, arrests, and deportations; and the heads of the Jewish councils the Nazis formed in the ghettos and camps to keep the inmate population in line. These men were understandably feared and resented even if they carried out their duties nobly, while those who abused their power, like Rumkowski, were loathed by survivors, who circulated disturbing stories about them after the war.There was little public awareness of these figures, though, until the Kasztner affair broke in the mid-1950s. Rudolph Kasztner was at that time an Israeli official, but during the war he had worked for a group in Budapest that helped European Jews get to Hungary, which was then unoccupied, and then tried to get them out after the German invasion in 1944. As thousands of Jews were being shipped daily to the gas chambers, Kasztner and his group entered into negotiations with the Nazis to see if some could be saved. After various plans to save large numbers failed, Kasztner persuaded Eichmann to accept a cash ransom and allow 1,600 Hungarian Jews to leave for Switzerland, many of them wealthy people who paid their way and others from his hometown and family.In 1953 a muckraking Israeli journalist claimed that Kasztner had secretly promised the Nazis not to tell other Jews about Auschwitz, trading a few lives for hundreds of thousands. Kastzner sued for libel but lost his case when it was revealed that he had written exculpatory letters to war tribunals for Nazis he had worked with in Hungary. Before his appeal could be heard Kastzner was assassinated in front of his Tel Aviv home, in circumstances that remain obscure to this day. He was posthumously acquitted.The cooperation of Jewish leaders and organizations with the Nazi hierarchy became more widely known through the Eichmann trial and the publication in 1961 of Raoul Hilberg’s monumental study, The Destruction of the European Jews, which Arendt relied on heavily without adequate attribution. Though Hilberg’s book is widely revered today, he was just as widely attacked after its publication by Jewish organizations and publications for emphasizing the leaders’ cooperation and the rarity of active resistance, which he attributed to habits of appeasement developed over centuries of persecution, an argument Bruno Bettelheim echoed a year later in his controversial article “Freedom From Ghetto Thinking.”So Hannah Arendt was not betraying any secrets when she discussed these issues in a scant dozen pages of her book; she was reporting on what came up at the trial and found herself in the middle of an ongoing, and very sensitive, polemic. But exercising her gift for the offending phrase, she also portrayed the Jewish leaders as self-deceived functionaries who “enjoyed their new power,” and she termed their actions “undoubtedly the darkest chapter of the whole dark story.”Perhaps by “dark” all she meant was especially awful and a sign of “the totality of the moral collapse the Nazis caused…not only among the persecutors but also among the victims.” But pulled out of context her phrases made it appear that she was equating doomed Jewish leaders with the “thoughtless” Eichmann, or even judging them more severely. In any case, the whole discussion, a small fraction of the book, was psychologically obtuse and made her monstrous in the eyes of many.And the response was ferocious, in Europe and the United States. Her now former friend Gershom Scholem sent Arendt a public letter complaining, rightly, about her “flippancy” and lack of moral imagination when discussing the Jewish leaders, and declared her to be lacking in “love of the Jewish people.” Siegfried Moses, a former friend and recently retired Israeli official, sent a letter “declaring war” on her and got the Council of Jews in Germany to publish a condemnation even before serialization of her book in The New Yorker was complete. (He then flew to Switzerland to try to persuade her to abandon the book project altogether.) The American Anti-Defamation League sent out a pamphlet titled Arendt Nonsense to book reviewers and rabbis across the country, urging them to condemn her and the New Yorker articles for giving succor to anti-Semites.And in the New York intellectual circles that had become her adoptive home, she became the focus of angry attention from friends who once admired her. At the controversy’s peak Dissent magazine organized a forum to discuss the work and invited Arendt (she declined), Hilberg, and their critics. Hundreds showed up and the evening quickly descended into a series of denunciations of Arendt, who was defended briefly only by Alfred Kazin, Daniel Bell, and a few others. Only when President Kennedy was assassinated in November did she finally escape the spotlight.3.This messy episode is the surprising focus of Margarethe von Trotta’s much-discussed new film. As von Trotta tells it, her original intention was to trace the arc of Arendt’s life as a whole, much as she did with Rosa Luxemburg in her award-winning biopic Rosa Luxemburg (1986), but found the material too unwieldy. And so she choose to limit herself to Arendt’s life in New York. As she says in the short German book on the film edited by Martin Wiebel, what interested her was not the ins and outs of the Eichmann case but rather Hannah and her friends. This seems an odd choice for a movie but makes sense in view of von Trotta’s other work. Her specialty is didactic feminist buddy movies—in fact, one might say that she’s been making the same film throughout her career. The story usually involves two women, either friends or sisters, one of them a visionary or pillar of strength, the other a jejune admirer, and follows the evolution of their relationship against a political backdrop.In her first solo directed work, The Second Awakening of Christa Klages (1978), a woman holds up a bank to save the child care center she works at, then gets help from a soldier’s wife who becomes her lover and goes into hiding with her. They end up in a rural Portuguese cooperative getting their consciousness raised, are expelled for lesbianism, and have other adventures before it all ends badly. Marianne and Juliane (1981) uses as its model the life of Gudrun Ensslin, a founding member of the Baader-Meinhof gang who committed suicide in her cell in 1977; the story follows the Gudrun character and her sister as their relationship develops from alienation to reconciliation, and ends in a display of sisterly solidarity that reaches beyond the grave.lilla_2-112113.jpg Bettmann/CorbisAdolf Eichmann with Israeli police at his trial in Jerusalem, May 1962Von Trotta’s Vision (1991), which treats the life of the medieval mystic Hildegard von Bingen, is the most transparent example of the type. It portrays a courageous, enlightened woman prone to epiphanies who stays true to her visions and resists the church’s attempts to silence her. Along the way she develops a deep if unequal friendship with another nun, then another, provoking jealousy and misunderstanding, though it all works out in the end. She dies revered by those around her, though not by the powers that be.And this, more or less, is the story of Hannah Arendt. The film opens with a jovial Arendt (Barbara Sukowa) in conversation with her best friend Mary McCarthy (Janet McTeer), who in the movie is reduced to a hyperactive sidekick. They discuss men, they discuss love, they have a cocktail party with Arendt’s devoted if wayward husband Heinrich Blücher (Axel Milberg) and fellow New York intellectuals. Then they get news of Eichmann’s capture and the imminent trial. More drinks, more discussion, and then Arendt is off to Jerusalem, where she witnesses the trial mainly from the press room (where she could smoke) and visits an old Zionist friend.Von Trotta deftly intersperses clips from the actual trial into her film and shows Arendt watching them on closed-circuit television in the press room. This device allows her to stage a conversion scene. As the camera slowly zooms in on Arendt watching Eichmann testify, we see on her face the dawning realization that he was not a clever, bloodthirsty monster but an empty-headed fool caught up in an evil machine. She leaves Jerusalem, writes her articles, and all hell breaks loose in New York.It is not true, as some reviewers have charged, that the film portrays Arendt as flawless. Throughout she hears complaints about her tone, from friends like McCarthy and her New Yorker editor William Shawn. She is also challenged repeatedly by her close friend the philosopher Hans Jonas (Ulrich Noethen), who is given some of the best lines in the movie (some drawn from Scholem’s letter). Jonas rejected the very idea of “thoughtless” murder and criticized her for lacking psychological sympathy for fellow Jews trapped in the most horrifying circumstances imaginable. Still, by and large, her critics are portrayed as irrational, defensive Jews who, unlike Arendt, refuse to think about the uncomfortable complexities of the Nazi experience, whether out of shame or omertà.But although Arendt defends herself and the task of “thinking” deftly throughout the film, particularly in a fine public speech at the end, we don’t see her arriving at her position through thinking. Film can portray inner psychological states through speech and action and image, but lacks resources for conveying the dynamic process of weighing evidence, interpreting it, and considering alternatives. Barbara Sukowa smokes and rifles through documents and stares into space like a silent picture star, but we get no sense of the play of a mind. And so we are left with the impression that she, like Hildegard, has had a vision.And perhaps this is how von Trotta sees Arendt. She admits in the book by Wiebel that she, like many on the German left in the 1960s and 1970s, turned their noses up at Arendt for comparing communism and Nazism as instances of totalitarianism and refused to read her books. But later she came upon Elisabeth Young-Bruehl’s biography and discovered a strong figure, a female philosopher engaged in political debate whose personal life was also rich in friends and lovers. This woman she could admire and celebrate. The problem is that von Trotta has chosen an episode in Arendt’s life where the stakes were so high, intellectually and morally, that they cannot in good taste be treated as the backdrop of a human interest story. Though the battle may be lost, it can never be emphasized enough that the Holocaust is not an acceptable occasion for sentimental journeys. But here it’s made into one, which produces weird, cringe-inducing moments for the viewer.In one shot we are watching Eichmann testify or Arendt arguing about the nature of evil; in the next her husband is patting her behind as they cook dinner. When Blücher tries to leave one morning without kissing her, since “one should never disturb a great philosopher when they’re thinking,” she replies, “but they can’t think without kisses!” As for the short, incongruous scenes about her youthful affair with Martin Heidegger, the less said the better.The deepest problem with the film, though, is not tastelessness. It is truth. At first glance the movie appears to be about nothing but the truth, which Arendt defends against her blinkered, mainly male adversaries. But its real subject is remaining true to yourself, not to the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. In her director’s statement on the film von Trotta says that “Arendt was a shining example of someone who remained true to her unique perspective on the world.” One can understand von Trotta’s reluctance to get into the details of the Eichmann case, let alone foreshadow what we know about it now, which would have violated the film’s integrity. But something else seems violated when a story celebrates a thinker’s courage in defending a position we now know to be utterly indefensible—as Arendt, were she alive, would have to concede.Since the Eichmann trial, and especially over the past fifteen years, a great body of evidence has accumulated about Eichmann’s intimate involvement in and influence over the Nazis’ strategy for expelling, then herding, and then exterminating Europe’s Jews. More damning still, we now have the original tapes that a Dutch Nazi sympathizer, Willem Sassen, made with Eichmann in Argentina in the 1950s, in which Eichmann delivers rambling monologues about his experience and his commitment to the extermination project. These have recently been collated and analyzed by the German scholar Bettina Stangneth, and the passages she quotes in her new book are chilling:The cautious bureaucrat, yeah, that was me…. But joined to this cautious bureaucrat was a fanatical fighter for the freedom of the Blut I descend from…. What’s good for my Volk is for me a holy command and holy law…. I must honestly tell you that had we…killed 10.3 million Jews I would be satisfied and would say, good, we’ve exterminated the enemy…. We would have completed the task for our Blut and our Volk and the freedom of nations had we exterminated the most cunning people in the world…. I’m also to blame that…the idea of a real, total elimination could not be fulfilled…. I was an inadequate man put in a position where, really, I could have and should have done more.2 In the end, Hannah Arendt has little to do with the Holocaust or even with Adolf Eichmann. It is a stilted, and very German, morality play about conformism and independence. Von Trotta’s generation (she was born in 1942) suffered the shock of learning in school about the Nazi experience and confronting their evasive parents at home, and in a sense they never recovered from it. (She convincingly dramatizes one of these angry dinner table confrontations in Marianne and Juliane.) Even today this generation has trouble seeing German society in any categories other than those of potential criminals, resisters, and silent bystanders.When left-wing radicalism was at its violent peak in the 1970s the following false syllogism became common wisdom: Nazi crimes were made possible by blind obedience to orders and social convention; therefore, anyone who still obeys rules and follows convention is complicit with Nazism, while anyone who rebels against them strikes a retrospective blow against Hitler. For the left in that period the Holocaust was not fundamentally about the Jews and hatred of Jews (in fact, anti-Semitism was common on the radical left). It was, narcissistically, about Germans’ relation to themselves and their unwillingness, in the extreme case, to think for themselves. Von Trotta’s Hannah Arendt shares that outlook.And so, in part, did Eichmann in Jerusalem. Reading the book afresh fifty years on, one begins to notice two different impulses at work in it. One is to do justice to all the factors and elements that contributed to the Final Solution and understand how they might have affected its functionaries and victims, in surprising and disturbing ways. In this Arendt was a pioneer; and, as Bettina Stangneth notes in her contribution to Martin Wiebel’s book, many of the things she was attacked for have become the scholarly consensus.But the other impulse, to find a schema that would render the horror comprehensible and make judgment possible, in the end led her astray. Arendt was not alone in being taken in by Eichmann and his many masks, but she was taken in. She judged him in light of her own intellectual preoccupations, inherited from Heidegger, with “authenticity,” the faceless crowd, society as a machine, and the importance of a kind of “thinking” that modern philosophy had abolished. Hers was, you might say, an overly complicated simplification. Closer to the truth was the simplification of Artur Sammler in his monologue on Hannah Arendt in Saul Bellow’s 1970 novel Mr. Sammler’s Planet:Politically, psychologically, the Germans had an idea of genius. The banality was only camouflage. What better way to get the curse out of murder than to make it look ordinary, boring, or trite?… There was a conspiracy against the sacredness of life. Banality is the adopted disguise of a very powerful will to abolish conscience. Is such a project trivial? Claude Lanzmann’s recent film The Last of the Unjust leaves no doubt about the answer to that question. At the center of it is a remarkable interview he conducted in 1975 with Benjamin Murmelstein, the Jewish elder of Theresienstadt who survived the war. Murmelstein worked closely with Eichmann for seven years and saw through his camouflaging techniques; he even witnessed Eichmann helping to destroy a Viennese synagogue on Kristallnacht. Yet Murmelstein was also a master of the gray zone, a survivor among survivors whose reputation was anything but pristine. Lanzmann’s film plunges us into that zone and reveals more than perhaps even he realizes.—This is the first of two articles.
试图通过一部两小时的电影去理解智慧者是一件十分愚蠢的事情,最快捷的笨办法是读书。
但是电影片段展现人生,呈现出另一位与波伏娃相同又不同,独特的女性样本,简直令人着迷。
女性之所以不敢显露锋芒,是因为没有独树一帜、优异到脱离通俗男性社会规制的领袖,通览她们的人生,每一次观影、读书都是伟大心灵的激励。
汉娜.阿伦特与波伏娃相同,学术研究始于千页文献,夯实写作文本,从严肃勤奋地攀登书山开始。
很多时候窝在家里,是闭门造车,亲临现场所产生的扭转性观念转变,“他是长相如此平凡、怯懦的男人”,与报道渲染的杀人不见血的魔头毫无相通之处,促成《艾希曼在耶路撒冷》一书完成。
纳粹犯下种族灭绝罪,人们将其简化归类为恶魔和绝对错误,汉娜阿伦特的书写,试图帮助理解艾希曼作为平庸的普通人被推上历史舞台黑榜的过程。
原来以色列的年轻人会背向这段黑暗历史,借库尔特之口,以述说填补受害人下一代具体感受的空白。
公审的意义在于杜绝绑架、杀害的私刑,给罪犯腾出空间,口述罪恶,核对证据,借审判程序性彰显人类正义的美德,从长远意义上,保证所有人都能经由正当性程序走向罪责相当的结局,给予受难者仪式性的悲恸出口。
辩论是另一种人道形式,汉娜.阿伦特被允许在课堂上为自己的文章申辩,没有鸡蛋、青菜乱飞,胡乱发泄情绪毫无益处,那是“人格暗杀”,克制愤怒,尊重并聆听对方辩手的陈述,是赤膊相见的相扑手合力完成的文明之舞。
党同伐异的网暴者,躲在背后的暗箭扣手,是冲垮理智堤坝的一只只蛀蚁。
汉娜阿伦特忠实文本,思考的巨浪将她裹挟到哪里,她就在哪里登陆,书写到那里。
她勇敢地冒犯所有人,不会预设读者情感,她毫无负担地写作,不做自我书写的第一道门槛,她为自己写作,为敏锐的思考写作,为良知写作,拒绝编辑的删改建议,全面刊登,不说对不起,这一点就值得所有女性学习。
集中营创造一个无意义的黑洞,人的存活,不仅赖于纯粹理性的思考,还需要积极的行动和反馈。
如果说话是上下嘴皮打架,进食为了保持活着,任何行动都如重拳打在记忆海绵上,力被吸收,泡沫回弹。
任何一个微小时空,靠着对人的规训与惩罚都可以迅速建立起奇怪引力的场域,即使无法反抗,也要保持对不合理行为思维的“说不”,同化最为可怖,成为“羊”不自知,陷落人之为人的大脑,请保持思考。
思考确实不会为人带来任何即时直接的好处,思考唯一的作用是让我们共同欣赏绚烂壮丽的浪漫落日,携手抵抗无意识的戾气汇集而成的破窗。
值得担心的是,国家机器下设行政机构日益复杂,人被精准细化,就像艾希曼在庭上诡辩,他只需为一小部分负责,因为他只是高层决策者,与集中营的毒气灭杀相距甚远。
每位公仆苍白着脸,空洞着眼,机械式后退,嘴里喃喃自语:“我只是收发文件,执行部分政策,没有选择”,推波助澜犯下灭绝人类自身的罪孽。
被分割越远,推及越高,人还能依靠内心的自然法则觉醒么?
可能有赖于人类的朴素良心。
思想家在常人没有想法的地方思考——电影《汉娜·阿伦特》里的哲学命题特约撰稿 王绍培【剧情简介】1960年,以色列宣布抓捕到前纳粹德国高官、素有“死刑执行者”之称的阿道夫·艾希曼,并于1961年在耶路撒冷进行审判。
已在美国居住多年的著名犹太女哲学家汉娜·阿伦特(巴巴拉·苏科瓦 Barbara Sukowa 饰)受《纽约人》邀请为此次审判撰稿。
当汉娜·阿伦特前往耶路撒冷观看审判后,却在艾希曼的阐述、民意和自己的哲学思考之间发生了分歧。
当阿伦特将艾希曼当年的行为提高到哲学的高度,她的文章不出所料地引发了社会上的恶评和抨击,一些汉娜·阿伦特的老友甚至和她绝交反目。
这个当年海德格尔门下最得意的女学生在疾风骤雨中想全身而退,却发现一切都已经不像自己预计的那样简单。
(豆瓣 )一般中国人知道汉娜·阿伦特,多是因为她读大学时曾经跟自己的老师、有妇之夫海德格尔谈过一场恋爱。
有一本书《汉娜与马丁》讲的就是这段往事。
我记得书里说正是由于失恋的极度痛苦导致阿伦特把注意力完全转向了阅读和学问。
书里还说很多年后,在欧洲名满天下的海德格尔在北美本来没有人知道,是因为阿伦特的推荐才慢慢被北美的读者所了解的。
上周结束的“德国电影周”深圳站放映了10部各具特色的德国电影,包括这部《汉娜·阿伦特》,文化背景的距离,让此片成为一致公推的烧脑片。
这个人物片其实是在讲“思考”。
1阿伦特去耶路撒冷主要是为了看“活生生的艾希曼”如果是中国现在的电影导演来拍摄阿伦特的传记片,那么,上面说到的这个“爱情故事”不容舍弃,因为这是一个绝对有“票房保证”的电影素材。
但《汉娜·阿伦特》的导演偏偏选取的是阿伦特人生中引起最强烈争议的一个“思想事件”来描写——这个事件可以简称为“耶路撒冷的艾希曼”——既精雕细琢,又浓墨重彩,而恋情之类的故事只是偶尔闪回一下就带过去了。
1960年5月24日,逃亡到阿根廷的前纳粹杀人犯阿道夫·艾希曼被以色列特工人员绑架回国,阿伦特一直密切关注。
一到艾希曼将在耶路撒冷审判的事情确定下来,阿伦特就向《纽约客》杂志的编辑约翰·肖提出作为杂志的特约采访写稿人去现场。
约翰·肖当然非常高兴有这么一个重量级的人物来当记者。
而对于阿伦特来说,她去耶路撒冷,主要是为了看“活生生的艾希曼”。
果然,跟她的想象一样,杀人恶魔并没有一副恶魔的嘴脸,她对他这样写下了她的第一印象,她看见“玻璃亭中的男子一点也不粗野”。
这个最初的印象跟她后来得出“恶的平庸”的结论,有一个神秘的通道,因为这个看起来并不粗野的男子正是“恶的平庸”的肉身形象。
纳粹德国当年有一个严密的灭绝犹太人的计划。
而事实上他们真的屠杀了600万犹太人。
阿道夫·艾希曼是纳粹德国的高官,也是在犹太人大屠杀中执行“最终方案”的主要负责人,被称为“死刑执行者”。
事情在我们看来非常简单:一个纳粹高官,手上沾满了犹太人的鲜血,后来被抓到以色列接受审判,最后被判处绞刑。
这个案件事实清楚、证据确凿,还有什么可以质疑的吗?
但思想家就是在常人没有想法的地方思考。
阿伦特的老师兼朋友雅思贝尔斯就认为以色列不能审判艾希曼,因为以色列不能代表所有的犹太人,而且,他还担心对以色列抱有敌意的人会把艾希曼打扮成殉教者。
阿伦特不同意老师的意见,但她的思考以及得出的结论比老师的看法具有大上百倍的争议。
2阿伦特认为,艾希曼“真是一个傻瓜,但却并不是傻瓜。
”首先,阿伦特认为,艾希曼“真是一个傻瓜,但却并不是傻瓜。
”这个矛盾的说法是什么意思呢?
意思是:艾希曼具有思考的能力,但他放弃了思考。
作为一个没有思考能力的人,他并不知道大屠杀的计划,他只是大屠杀机器上的一个齿轮。
这个观察和思考包含了两个方面的推论:一方面剥夺艾希曼的骄傲,因为他有时候也会为自己杀了600万犹太人感到洋洋得意,而作为一个放弃了思考的人,他其实是没有资格来骄傲的,因为他并不知道他做的事情有什么含义;另一方面,也为艾希曼开罪,因为他只是一个杀人机器上的齿轮,他没有制定“最终方案”,他只是作为一个执行者来参与了这个行动,而这个行动在当时的环境中甚至可以说是一种职务行为,所以,他没有资格作为被告。
其次,其实跟阿伦特追究“恶的平庸”有关系的是犹太人的罪责问题,这使她得出的另一个争议甚至更大的结论,那就是“对犹太人来说,犹太人领袖对自己的种族灭绝起到这样的作用,毫无疑问是整个黑暗的故事中最阴暗的一章。
”阿伦特写道:“犹太人的公务员制作出同胞们名单及其财产的表格,为征收强制遣送一个灭绝的费用,从本人那里收取钱,确认他们是否迁出公寓设施;为逮捕犹太人,提供警力协助把同胞押送列车,还有作出了最后表现好的姿态,最终是通过把没收的犹太人公司的资产完好地移交出去,来取得对方的信赖。
”当然,阿伦特明确的说法也是支持对艾希曼处以绞刑的:“正因为你的指示,实行的政治,我们谁都不希望和你一起住在这个地球上,这就是你应该判处绞刑的理由,也是唯一的理由。
”当然,阿伦特没有主张去审判犹太人领袖。
但是,她的思考包含的推论是显而易见的。
3即使要付出绝交的代价,阿伦特还是坚持出版了她的著作对于阿伦特的上述思考,我们不妨这样假设一下:我们抓获了一个日本战犯,这个战犯深深地参与了南京大屠杀。
现在,我们审判他。
但有一个思想家出来说,这个战犯放弃了思考,他只是在执行他们国家的侵略计划,他没有资格对南京大屠杀这样的事情负责。
另一方面,对数十万人中国人死亡负有责任的是一批中国人,他们配合了日本人的行动。
这个假设不完全等同当年纳粹实行大屠杀的情况,但某些方面是一样的。
我们不难想象,犹太人对阿伦特多么恨之入骨。
起码的一点是:你阿伦特只有思考,没有热血,你是一架冷冰冰的思考机器。
身为犹太人,你不爱犹太人,你不爱以色列这个国家,你不爱自己的民族。
这样的指责事实上是落到阿伦特身上了。
但她明确指出,她确实不爱任何一个国家、民族或者人群,她只爱自己的朋友。
对于任何一个国家、民族或者人群来说,阿伦特都像是一个“外来的女儿”(这是她的丈夫布吕歇尔对她的爱称),是一个贱民——所谓“贱民”就是边缘化的、逸出了体制的不受待见、总有争议的个人。
应该说,阿伦特并非不知道思考的代价,事实上她有时也会为了这些可能的代价而搁置思考。
比如说,她认同西塞罗的一段名言:“我与其跟柏拉图的敌手一起认真地思考,倒不如和柏拉图一起堂而皇之地迷路。
”她可以为了朋友而放弃争论,但是,当涉及重大的政治命题时,她也愿意承担后果。
如此重视友情的阿伦特因为《耶路撒冷的艾希曼》系列文章的面世,一些朋友跟她绝交了。
即使是要付出绝交的代价,阿伦特还是坚持出版了她的著作。
4“恶不是根本的东西”,阿伦特写道:“只有善才有深度,才是本质的。
”这就是思想家之为思想家难能可贵的地方。
即使在客观上,阿伦特或者为艾希曼起到了辩护人的作用,或者将犹太人领袖置于被告的位置,但比较起来,所有这些都不是阿伦特最关心的。
她真正关注的是思考“恶的本质”。
阿伦特的丈夫布吕歇尔常常认为“恶”是一种“可笑的现象”,恶是平庸的,没有深度的,一个人不能因为恶行而被“放大”,多大的恶行也只证明这个恶人的渺小。
恶之所以能够造成那么大的灾难,布莱希特认为那是因为“悲剧是采用了与喜剧相比更加不认真的做法来处理人类的疾苦的。
”如果说,艾希曼对大屠杀是有责任的,那么,这个责任跟其“不思考”有关系。
犹太人之所以也承担一点的责任,那么,也跟他们的不思考有关系。
“恶不是根本的东西”,阿伦特写道:“只有善才有深度,才是本质的。
”但善缺乏的时候,或者说,当善不到位的时候,恶就出现了,这时出现的恶是平庸的恶,它仅仅只需要不思考这个条件就足够了。
这其实是一个非常深刻的结论。
大规模的恶所造成的灾难,其实仅仅只需要不思考的人群就可以实施或者造成。
我们用这个结论来观察中国大地上出现的灾难,尤为富有解释性。
当我们让人停止思考、中断了思考的习惯时,恶就随时会以各种各样的方式出现。
因此,阿伦特把阻止恶的出现希望寄托在思考上——她有时称之为判断活动。
她说:“……这种判断活动中必要的前提条件不是高度发达的知性和道德上的锻炼,只是自觉地与自己自身一起活下去的习惯。
即苏格拉底和柏拉图以来的,我们通常叫做思维活动,其实是某个自己与自己自身之间无言的对话,是经常进行的一种习惯。
……远未能够信赖的人,却是怀疑主义者,这么说,不是说因为怀疑主义者是善,或是说,怀疑就是健康的,而是因为‘这样的人’习惯了决心认真思考事物的行为。
最善的人,就是知道无论发生什么,只要我们活着,就拥有与我们自己一起活着的命运的那些人们。
”当然,在《汉娜·阿伦特》这部电影中,我上面所说的这些含义,它没有也不可能一一呈现。
但电影对于这个载入史册的思想争议的表现,无论是人物刻画,还是过程叙述,都是充分的、饱满的、力道十足的,同时也是意味深长的。
感觉并不会欺诈,判断却会。
Thinkers向人们分析和解释这个世界,和在其上发生的一切。
为的是不让人们的思想走上歧途,进而让这些事情不再发生,或一再发生。
一生中,我们要与太多事作斗争,不间断地、不减量地、很多时候不情愿地。
(看看阿伦特在电影中说了什么,再看看我在开头说的)The manifestation of the wind of thoughts is not knowledge, but the ability to tell right from wrong, beautiful from ugly. And I hope, that thinking gives people the strength to prevent catastrophes in these rare moments, when the chips are down.Sometimes, something is more important than someone.===========================结尾阿伦特在思索并自我验证:恶不可能既平凡又深刻。
恶总是extreme,而不可能是radical,只有善良可以同时又deep又radical。
翻译的不见得准确,所以也无法仔细去理解她的意思。
如果不善不恶是一种中间态,不假思索的行善和作恶各为+1,那么有意识的善举和恶行,它们的难易程度是有差异的。
作恶需要躲避他人的审视、内心的纠结、道德的评判,还可能有来自法律和习俗的惩罚,一进一出,善与恶的使力比为0:2。
也就是说,达到同样程度的善与恶,后者要比前者投入更多的力气,这里当然实际操作的力气和思考所花费的心力。
如果善是一种绿色气体,而恶是红色气体,注入同样的硬质透明容器,红色的颜色要比绿色更深。
而如果红色的浓度和绿色一样,则代表着量的减少,也就是说思考的不够。
换句话说,如果恶的结果没能配得上为它付出的思考,那么也就没有值得的恶。
从另一个角度来说,难道恶都是来自于人们轻浮的想象?
或是一种便于描述的归类?
比如恶魔,比如撒旦,但没有这样的东西啊。
如果善的极致是∞,那么从上面的推论,恶的极致就应该是∞+2,但没有这样的东西啊。
因此,才是banality of evil,而不是evilness of banality. 所以,几乎一切的恶都是降了智的、思考不足的产物。
============================对于全人类,阿伦特这样的思想者太重要。
而对于她个人来说,这样的思考深度非常不划算。
人们达成共识的条件要求异常苛刻,却对煽动和情绪极为热衷。
比如说起中医,是不是众说纷纭?
即便是吸烟,想要达成一致也不太容易。
那么对于放射暴露呢?
本来上午应当写论文的,结果一开电脑就变成了看电影,而且看完电影还想写点东西。
好在电影拍的很好,完全值回时间。
我为什么说这个电影好呢?
这并不是说它用了什么高妙的拍摄手法,或演员的演技、装扮有什么特别之处(不过还是要说,阿伦特还是学校的超级学霸时真美;而海德格尔比照片上还猥琐)。
这部电影好在启人深思。
若论启人深思,那么直接去读阿伦特的原文,或普及的介绍读物不是更好吗?
为什么要看电影?
按昆德拉的意思讲,小说相对于哲学的意义在于,它展示人在做选择时的具体情景。
更具体地说,小说、电影这些形象化的艺术形式有一个无法取代的好处,即它可以让人们在精心雕琢的情境下做虚拟的道德判断。
这种艺术提供的机会无法取代,是因为日常生活并未给我们如此多的机会,而每一次新的抉择都让我们对人性认识得更深。
假如没有希腊悲剧,那么我们永远也无法去设想弑父娶母的动机究竟是怎么回事,也没法思考某些内在于我们的想法究竟是不是道德的。
假如没有奥威尔,我们很难只凭思辨把极端情况下的人该如何行动考虑清楚。
而根据康德(以及数不尽的哲学家),做道德抉择、思考何为对何为错,是自由(或理性,或人性)的最终保障。
基于同样的简单思考,我觉得,《汉娜·阿伦特》这部电影也会使人深入思考究竟在某些情境下究竟何为对何为错,而它提供的情境恰倒好处,干净利索。
电影中提供了如下几段情景:纽伦堡大审判及阿伦特发表关于“平庸的恶”的评论;汉娜和海德格尔的绯闻;在生活中汉娜与丈夫、朋友、学生的各种争论或议论。
每一个都为深入思考道德抉择提供了情境基础,而每种情境都能揭示出足够重大的问题。
具体来说,它们涉及如下几个问题:【纳粹的罪责由谁来承担】控方指责艾希曼屠杀犹太人,而艾希曼则辩驳说他只是执行上级命令,只是尽自己的职责而已。
令所有人震惊的是,他竟没有感受到相应的负罪感,而(真心地)认为自己是无辜的,最多只是有一点“分裂”。
法庭一再用犹太人被残忍迫害作为证据,而这并不能根本动摇艾希曼的反驳。
最终艾希曼还是以通常罪名被绞死,但他难道是个毫无感情的恶魔吗,或者他真是无辜的?
阿伦特的解释是,纳粹的邪恶已经远超过去的想象,根本无法用传统法典上的罪名来衡量。
艾希曼作为个人,在犯下罪行时时无意识的常人。
这是一种“平庸的恶”,但在某且极端情境下却能犯下最残忍的罪行。
他更大的罪行在于丧失了自我,这是反人类。
不仅艾希曼,即使她的法国朋友、犹太委员会也因有这种“平庸的恶”。
只有更深刻地检审“平庸的恶”,才能真正认识到纳粹究竟的罪责究竟由谁来承担,才能避免悲剧的重演。
我没有研读过阿伦特相关的原文,但这里也不需要,电影提供的情景已足够清楚,足以使人思考了。
倘若承认了“平庸的恶”,那么是否意味着每个人都要经常高强度地检审自己的每一个选择,因为许多无意识的行为其实承载了最邪恶的东西?
这种有点存在主义式的生活方式真的现实吗?
艾希曼作为纳粹的头领,他的行为会被追究,但小人物也有与他同样的动机,也导致了同样的事情,罪孽几何?
这里当然有张力存在,但教诲已足够清楚:我们应当意识到自己是自由选择能力的人,我们在任何情况下都应考虑自己应当如此选择,而非把一切都推给下达命令的上级、家长、习俗。
当然这种检审具体如何进行、责任具体如何划分、是否会让人累的身心俱疲,是值得更深入讨论的。
两德统一后,向翻越柏林墙的民众开枪的军警也同样被审判,他们也诉诸于艾希曼同样的辩解——服从命令而已。
而这次判罪的理由比纽伦堡审判时好了许多:他们本可以在(被迫)执行命令的同时把枪口抬高一点的。
德国人反思纳粹的深度常常超过常人想象,这部电影在这一主题上达到了这个深度。
【哲学与政治的张力】这个主题自从施派流行起来以后已经烂大街了,不过它的确值得思考。
电影为我们呈现的是:不仅在民众,甚至在怀着复仇情绪的知识分子眼里,阿伦特所谓艾希曼是无知的,只是在用一种奇怪的方式为纳粹辩护。
而关于“平庸的恶”的思考势必把一部分责任到作为受害者的犹太人自己头上去,这简直是骇人听闻。
于是来自愤怒的民众的电话或信件接踵而至,而来自朋友决裂、劝诫、失望、不理解也影响到了汉娜的生活。
其实汉娜与朋友的争论从一开始就充斥了整部电影,他们从一开始就不能理解为什么阿伦特要以那种奇怪的态度为艾希曼辩护,只是争论在私下以种种方式被平息了。
只有丈夫理解她,他也觉得审判并不正义,但却担心妻子会不会因思考回到过去的“黑暗岁月”。
而阿伦特的文章在《纽约客》上发表并引起众怒后,她的第一反应是别人没有仔细读它,但这被丈夫说成天真。
众人没能阅读并理解她的观点,这究竟是因为众人的愚蠢,还是因为众人根本不会真正阅读与自己意见严重相左的观点?
有人说(历史主义的),使自己被排斥的最佳方式,便是不断挑战自己所在共同体的基本信念,即使它们是独断的。
影片中,更深一点的问题是:既然众人无法理解哲学,那么哲人是否应该把自己激进的观点发表出去?
如果以施派的方式回应,她当然不应如此幼稚,至少该采取一种更谨慎的方式进行表达。
但片中阿伦特却说激进并不就是错的,应当有勇气去发言(片中反复提到勇气)。
还有一个内在问题:是否有一些观点明明是真的,但基于现实永远也不该说出来?
比如最后阿伦特在大教室进行了一场精彩的演讲,阐明了自己的观点和立场,说服了所有的学生,但却没能说服自己的犹太老友,反而使他下定决心与汉娜决裂。
学生被说服,是不是因为他们身在美国没能经历当年的恐怖,而犹太朋友没能被说服,是因为他经历了一切,如果再说三道四那么就是亵渎?
显然,哲学的危险处境在于它对一切都想说三道四。
有意思的细节是:阿伦特觉得自己要卷铺盖走人了,但丈夫安慰她说在美国并不用担心被驱逐。
但政治与哲学,或怀着情绪的大众与试图说出道理的哲人之间的矛盾并没有被消解。
哲人该如何做?
作为大众我们该如何看待似乎完全无法理解的思想,这都是值得深思的。
【该如何评价海德格尔】我不是太懂海德格尔,因此不敢贸然写太多,这比评价纳粹还要复杂。
无论如何,这是所有哲学学生最感兴趣的八卦,至少一睹了“女神”当年的风采。
片中每次出现与海德格尔相关的段落,都由两张旧照片引起。
这些段落包括:(阿伦特还是学生时)在图书馆听到男同学对她说海德格尔向纳粹效忠、海德格尔上课给学生讲如何“denken”(思考)、阿伦特去海德格尔办公室、阿伦特和海德格尔做爱做的事;以及(战后)阿伦特与海德格尔再次相遇。
实话说,这些段落并不试图使人明白为什么教会了阿伦特“如何思考”海德格尔要当纳粹、或海德格尔为什么不道歉、或阿伦特对海德格尔的态度究竟是什么。
它们主要意义是引起困惑,让电影的主题更深更广。
不仅我们不理解,片中阿伦特的朋友、丈夫、甚至她自己也没能解释这个问题。
每次朋友问她关于海德格尔的问题,她都会回答说最爱是自己的丈夫——这种甚至有些做作的爱,是否是为了抚平心中的困惑?
先知式的哲人是否会在政治上犯如此幼稚的错误?
还有,哲学家跪在女学生膝下时,他还是那个哲学家吗?
我只能说不知道。
总之,这是我今年看过的有关哲学的最好的一部电影,至少比那部《维特根斯坦》强多了,尽管后者视觉效果出彩,但除了让人看出维特根斯坦是个怪异的天才外,并未带来更多原文以外的思考。
它所表现出的,给予人的感觉粗暴而直接。
这样一部传记电影,看起来似乎深刻,有人还说“它达到了一个传记电影少有的高度”。
然而,我看到的,它只是将汉娜一个极深刻且具代表性的关于“平庸的恶”这个论题拿来包裹整部电影,于是,它看似将电影带入了一种“前所未有的深刻”,但其实缺乏真正有价值的内容。
就像一个画家想要表现美丽的海伦,却只是为她布满华丽的装饰,却无法真正表现出她的美。
它为观众带来的更多的是一种快感,一种结果,一种光环和成就,而不是什么前所未有的深刻。
电影里,一个从头到尾都在抽烟的汉娜,甚至是一开始就给了一段长达两分钟的抽烟镜头。
这在日常生活中,一个人思考一个问题,抽一根烟这确实是稀松平常的事情,但是当你用一种文学方式,或者是如这种影像的方式去表现它,甚至是强化它,这却可以给予他人更多的解读内容。
对于一名女性哲学家来讲,这带有明显的标识,应该避免聚焦于此,而不是强化。
这可以体现什么呢,或者说对于人们理解汉娜有什么帮助呢?
只有曲解。
不应该用这种粗暴的方式去体现一个独立的女性,这甚至让人看不到比其汉娜本身性格特点更多抑或是更重要的内容。
不过后面还有更多的让人难以招架的方式。
譬如他人对于汉娜的评价。
当汉娜因为艾希曼审判一事,想为《纽约客》撰稿,报社里的成员这样谈论:”难以置信,那个汉娜阿伦特竟然想要为我们写稿。
“…..”她应该像其他人一样乞求得到为《纽约客》撰稿的机会。
“”弗里西斯,是她写了《极权主义的起源》“”什么鬼题目。
“”这是二十世纪最重要的一本书,去看看吧。
“她是第一位用我们的西方的语言文化来描绘第三帝国的作家。
“它是辉煌的,但抽象的。
“哇哦,真是辉煌。
一个带蔑视的形象,一个洋洋得意的形象,一个年迈的老人下结论。
三人各自的表现将这种成功后所带来荣耀和名誉的一种影响,在他人的一唱一合里发挥极致。
我觉得导演不懂得什么是含蓄。
当然,这是一种常规套路。
但是这一段话就这么赤裸裸地砸给了我,淬不及防。
如同在关于艾希曼的审判那段一样,人们在汉娜思索、疑惑、闪烁的眼神里看到了快感的临界点。
因为人们知道《艾希曼在耶路撒冷》这部重要的作品即将诞生。
然后在演讲台上达到了高潮。
因为这是一部汉娜阿伦特的传记电影,如果不是这个定位我想我不会这么失望,顶多就是一部稀松平常的电影。
它做出一副道貌岸然的模样,人们总是聚在一起谈论种种深刻的话题,然而影片中的汉娜以一种傲慢的、似乎总是可掌握全局的姿态以及总是特写的抽烟及思考镜头,以及干瘪粗暴的表现方式都无一不是说明它用一种平庸的方式的去论述平庸。
这个电影从本身来说,技巧已经不那么重要了。
重要的是其所阐述的内容,“平庸之恶”这种一杆子打翻一船人的说法确实会引起所有人的愤怒,尤其是涉及到诸多人生死的时候,这样的话似乎确实失去了说的意义,不合时宜。
但是汉娜说了,她敢冒天下之大不韪,直击了真相。
是傲慢也好还是读书人的蠢钝也好,最终她还是将这个东西说了出来。
也许有人觉得她是再拿诸多人的生死在那里做作但是我敬佩她,揭开人性的真相去阐述我们甚至都不愿意承认的东西,是如此艰难。
就比如说,法律上也说法不责众。
事实上这与整个社会的传统伦理道德所背离。
汉娜一直在坚持的是平庸之恶是造成了纳粹屠杀犹太人的悲剧的原因之一。
作为转运官员的那个刽子手,他只是在遵循命令。
而这种命令本身的遵循就是一个人放弃了自己的良知的结果。
众多人背离良知的遵守命令,最终导致了恶果。
【这一点上并不完全,有兴趣的朋友可以去看电影或是著作】同时她当然对犹太人有同情又关爱,这一点毫无疑问。
她希望通过唤醒人们在这一点上的认识,从而鼓励人们要用良知道德去抗争,而不是成为这个强大国家机器的螺丝钉。
当你看到人们谩骂她是替刽子手辩护的婊子或是犹太人中的败类,你就会明白这些人不过是被自己内心的伤痛所折磨,没有办法去正视汉娜的观点。
当然我也并不责备那一点,反击也没有意义,事实上很多人遭受那样的创伤之后永远走不出来,就像她那个同事再听了她如此明晰的观点也好,依旧在情感上接受不了。
汉娜是个真正勇敢的人,因为她正视了自己内心的伤痛,敢于自我解剖。
有良知的人放弃良知,有良知的人惧怕对抗,才是这个社会最为可怕之处。
我依旧记得我那个操着一口不标准普通一辈子是个讲师的法理学老师,他说:如果所有人都觉得社会变革、公共事件与自己毫无关系,那么下一个当遭遇不合理体制伤害的人就是你。
如果你有这么一颗心,你就会有良知。
一个自以为是夸夸其谈的傻逼。
决定去借汉娜的著作来看。
思考可以带来力量,思考也可以让人精神分裂。这部片子里讨论的平庸之恶到底是什么,其实一直不清晰。其实世上大多数人都是平庸的,能够甄别正义、伟大与邪恶、丑陋的往往已经不是平庸之人了,而且不同阶级,不同背景,不同信仰的人,她们的思考未必会有相同的结果。真的有绝对真理和普世价值吗?这个社会是复杂的,需要我们每个人遵循现有的法制体系,在内心保留一些善良和人性。而善良和人性是根植于人的内心的,是一种本能,不是思考的结果。
浅显的 做作的 粗糙的
看完此片之后会去读原著,而且片尾也提到关于“恶”汉娜至死还在思考,所以针对“平庸的恶”不过多展开。影片中最震撼的两段,一是对艾希曼的世纪审判才用了历史影像和现实拍摄混搭的方法很出彩,二就是阿伦特抽着烟在课堂上的“舌战群儒”的激昂和华丽但又落寞的背影。我想当这样的老师,娶这样的女人
感觉这个题材就挺难拍出来的...用一群单薄无知的配角衬托阿伦特思想的深刻,以及高级知识分子的优雅,但实际上也没怎么认真谈论恶的平庸性这论点本身,倒是扯了一堆有的没的八卦,似乎也没什么意思...
平庸之恶的由来
百子湾打卡~好吧,在看这部片子之前,我应该去了解一些汉娜的观点和主张,不然直接看电影,真的有点消化不良🤧这部电影不像一般形式的传记片,会详略得当地讲述一个人从幼年、成年到老年的过程,而是直接从汉娜去参加一个政治审判事件出发,围绕这个事件写出的一篇极有争议的文章,就这篇文章所带来的一系列事情,去阐述她所秉持的道德哲学立场,最后电影就到这里戛然而止了,结束得很突然😂
终于等到片源,却是一个全部用德语重新填补、配音的版本,抹平了传说中三种语言穿插切换制造的微妙“隔阂感”,是不小的损失和遗憾。影片虽只截取了阿伦特人生中处于思想迫害漩涡中最飘摇的一段时期和冲突事件,却十分紧凑有力,也使得课题清晰、言之有物,即:对恶的追究与思考,对思考本身的再思考。
前半部分很闷,最后十分钟很精彩。但我一直觉得哲学类的东西,看电影不如看书
里面大部分演员演技过于浮夸和脸谱化
平庸之恶不断被检讨的现在,汉娜阿伦特的演讲和论文内容本身都不再构成一种愤世嫉俗。只是跟校董们叫板为学生也要接受公开演讲的勇气,仍是沉默大多数或羡慕或鄙夷的决定。明辨是非,不顺从,是勇气也是智慧。被告席上的艾希曼并非平庸而深刻,他和在座所有人一样,只是平庸而极端。
片子的概念好 实事求是 审判的正义 对一个人行为的审判并不是对历史 对伤痛 对恶魔的审判 学习思考 是为了分辨是与非 分辨好与恶 邪恶不可能既平庸又激进 邪恶永远极端但不彻底 善才深刻而彻底 平庸之恶 很多人和他一样 正常人 当人令被提升到法律层面 试图理解不意味着宽恕 最恶劣的或最激进的恶劣 是当人类作为没有价值的存在 集中营 无意义的源发地 极权主义的最终是绝对的邪恶 看清恶劣的本质 “我对任何一个民族都没有特殊的感情 我只在乎我的朋友” 思考是人最简单明确的特点 思考使人称为人 thinking gives people strength to prevent catastrophes in these rare moments when the chips are down 俯视?
过于符合预期
这么难拍的题材,已经抓到精髓了:思考的极端重要性。阿伦特希望思考的力量,在危急时刻能阻止大灾难的发生。因为,“恶来源于思维的缺失。当思维坠落于恶的深渊,试图检验其根源的前提和原则时,总会一无所获。恶泯灭了思维,这就是恶的平庸性。”
除开思想本身,海德格尔为人极其不齿—想做icon你就做呗,又是欺自己恩师又是配合纳粹反犹。当年你没钱念书的时候怎么不跑去山林里当个农民?傻逼东西。
新的一年,以这样一部哲学背景的电影开篇,虽然没有预想的好,但多思考多感悟才是有趣的
拘谨,胆怯,导演只是把该拍的都拍了,却又拍不出思考的高度与深度。
拍一个人写书之后遭遇的各种读者评论,如果我要吸取点什么精神给养的话,为什么我不直接去看原著?
果然没拍和海德格尔的床戏,差评
为深入浅出地科普了汉娜的学说加一星。当法律规则走向了对面,不是你不能杀人,而是你应该杀人,inability to think使大规模犯罪成为了可能;中庸之恶不限于德国,不限于施害者,包括受害者,更包括当下指责恐吓汉娜的人们。“I hope that thinking gives people the strength to prevent catastrophes in these rare moments when the chips are down”
7/10。开场不久镜头从掉在地板上发光的手电筒,转换到手中打火机点燃的香烟,之后无论阿伦特翻阅资料还是独自一人思考的室内场景,都在昏暗的环境中用微弱的光亮突出阿伦特的主体形像:在一条充满诋毁的黑暗道中摸索真理;结尾把政治和人道主义上升到哲学高度的学院讲座,一扫之前节奏的枯燥和人物关系的平淡火花,侧面射进来的高光打在她脸上,仿佛一个超越民族情感的真理形象,解释审判体系中理解不代表宽恕是需要具备责骂、人身威胁的勇气,可惜整体情节和主题缺乏重点描写,有简单化倾向。